קישור להדפסת השאלה
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חישוב מהירות ממוצעת בזמן תנועה קצר שווה בקירוב למהירות הרגעית באמצע זמן התנועה. גם כאשר הגוף לא נע בתאוצה קבועה.
נתייחס לתנועה שבין רגע t=0.04s לרגע t=0.08s , המהירות הממוצעת בתנועה זו שווה בקירוב למהירות הרגעית באמצע הזמן ברגע t=0.06s.
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1. אם גוף נע בתאוצה קבועה , המהירות הממוצעת שווה בדיוק למהירות באמצע הזמן.
2. אם גוף נע במהירות משתנה אך זמן התנועה קטן המהירות הממוצעת שווה בקירוב למהירות באמצע הזמן.
3. אם הגוף לא נע בתאוצה קבועה, ומחשבים את מהירותו הממוצעת בזמן תנועה לא קטן, אין קשר בין מהירותו הממוצעת של הגוף למהירותו באמצע הזמן.
במקרה זה ניתן למצוא את המהירות הממוצעת בתנועה שנמשכת 0.04 שניות , זמן זה נחשב לזמן קטן, לכן המהירות הממוצעת במקרה זה שווה למהירות באמצעות הזמן גם כאשר התאוצה לא קבועה.
אם גוף נע במהירות משתנה אך זמן התנועה קטן המהירות הממוצעת שווה בקירוב למהירות באמצע הזמן.
אם הגוף לא נע בתאוצה קבועה, ומחשבים את מהירותו הממוצעת בזמן תנועה לא קטן, אין קשר בין מהירותו הממוצעת של הגוף למהירותו באמצע הזמן.
במקרה זה ניתן למצוא את המהירות הממוצעת בתנועה שנמשכת 0.04 שניות , זמן זה נחשב לזמן קטן, לכן המהירות הממוצעת במקרה זה שווה למהירות באמצעת הזמן גם כאשר התאוצה לא קבועה.
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כדי למצוא את המהירויות בזמנים המבוקשים יש לחשב את המהירות הממוצעת בשלושה קטעי תנועה קצרים, המתחילים רגע לפני הזמן המבוקש ומסתיימים רגע אחריו.
נמצא את המהירות הרגעית בעזרת חישוב המהירות הממוצעת של קטעי תנועה , שהמהירות באמצע הזמן שלהם, היא המהירות הרגעית המבוקשת:
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למרות שבשאלה כתוב: "אינך נדרש בסעיף זה לפרט את החישובים" מכיוון שלא ניתן למצוא את המהירויות הרגעיות ללא חישוב , יש לערוך חישובים מלאים מפורטים ותקינים, מומלץ לא לחשוב על הערה מיותרת זו בזמן המבחן.
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תוצאות החישובים:
גרף המהירות בתלות בזמן:
גרף המהירות בתלות בזמן:
גרף מהירות בתלות בזמן:
יש לסמן בגרף מהירות בתלות בזמן את ערכי המהירויות הרגעיות שמצאנו בסעיפים קודמים. ולהעביר את הישר המסתבר ביותר. חשוב לתכנן את ערכי הערכים בצירים, יש לקבוע את הערך המקסימאלי בכל ציר , ערכי השנתות חייבים להתחיל מאפס ולגדול בצורה קבועה.
נתאר את את נתוני התנועה בגרף מהירות בתלות בזמן.
ערך המהירות המקסימאלית 0.9 מטר לשנייה , וערך הזמן המקסימאלי הוא 0.1 שניות.
נקבע את ערך השנתות בציר הזמן בקפיצות של 0.02 שניות , ואת ערך השנתות בציר המהירות בקפיצות של 0.1 מטר לשנייה
ערכי המהירויות וערכי הזמנים בהתאמה:
גרף המהירות בתלות בזמן:
ערך המהירות המקסימאלית 0.9 מטר לשנייה , וערך הזמן המקסימאלי הוא 0.1 שניות.
נקבע את ערך השנתות בציר הזמן בקפיצות של 0.02 שניות , ואת ערך השנתות בציר המהירות בקפיצות של 0.1 מטר לשנייה
ערכי המהירויות וערכי הזמנים בהתאמה:
גרף המהירות בתלות בזמן:
בגרף זה המהירות גדלה בקצב קבוע באופן מדויק , בדרך כלל בשאלות העוסקות בתוצאות מדידה תוספת המהירות לא קבועה גם כאשר הגוף נע בתאוצה קבועה, בגלל שגיאות המדידה.
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כן, התאוצה קבועה.
בגרף מהירות בתלות בזמן, משמעות שיפוע הגרף היא התאוצה.
בגרף מהירות בתלות בזמן משמעות השיפוע היא התאוצה. מכיוון השיפוע בגרף קבוע , ניתן לומר שהגוף נע בתאוצה קבועה. אפשר גם להגיד: מכיוון שקצב שינוי המהירות הוא קבוע , הקרונית נעה בתאוצה קבועה. גודל תאוצת הקרונית כגודל שיפוע בגרף המהירות בתלות בזמן , נחשב את השיפוע 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בתיאור גרפי, חשוב לציין את שמות הצירים ויחידותיהם , בגרף ליניארי כמו הגרף הזה, יש להשתמש בסרגל.
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הגרף הנכון הוא גרף מספר 2.
יש קשר בין צורת המסלול בו נעה הקרונית לגודל תאוצה , כאשר המסלול הוא אנכי וחלק, הקרונית נעה בתאוצת הכובד, וכאשר המסלול הוא חלק ואופקי לחלוטין הקרונית נעה במהירות קבועה . מהירות הקרונית הולכת וגדלה עד שהיא נעה על משטח אופקי.
הקרונית נעה ממנוחה, מהירותה הולכת וגדלה. בהתחלה המסלול אנכי תאוצת הקרונית מקסימאלית , בסוף התנועה כאשר המסלול אופקי מהירות הקרונית לא משתנה,תאוצתה אפס. אפשר להגיד שהקרונית נעה בתאוצה הולכת וקטנה. במהירות הולכת וגדלה.
גרף 3 הוא הגרף היחיד שמתאים , מכיוון שהשיפוע הולך וקטן , המהירות בהתחלה היא אפס. והמהירות שואפת לערך קבוע.
קיים קשר בין שיפוע המסילה לתאוצת הגוף הנע במורד המסילה , כך שעבור זווית מסוימת ניתן לחשב את תאוצת הגוף במדויק. נושא זה נקרא מישור משופע והוא נכלל בתכנית הלימודים בדינמיקה.
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