קישור להדפסת השאלה - דף ראשון
קישור להדפסת השאלה - דף שני
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הוכחה משיפוע הגרף. משמעות המשפט: המהירות גדלה בכל שנייה בשני מטר לשנייה.
בגרף מהירות בתלות בזמן משמעות שיפוע הגרף היא התאוצה. יש להכיר את משמעות התאוצה. התאוצה מתארת בכמה משתנה המהירות בכל שנייה.
נחשב את שיפוע הגרף:
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משמעות המשפט :"תאוצת האופנוע היא 2 מטר לשנייה בריבוע " היא שבכל שנייה גדלה מהירות האופנוע ב שני מטר לשנייה.
מהירות האופנוע גדלה במשך 15 שניות ב 30 מטר לשנייה.
לכל גודל פיזיקלי יש משמעות, חשוב להבין את המשמעות של כל הגדלים הפיזיקליים. את המשמעות של כל גודל פיזיקלי ניתן להבין מהגדרתו.
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ניתן למצוא את תאוצת המכונית בפרק הזמן הנתון בשאלה מחישוב שיפוע הפונקציה באותו פרק זמן.
בגרף מהירות בתלות בזמן שיפוע הגרף שווה לתאוצת הגוף. נמצא את שיפוע הגרף בזמן שבין t=5s t=15s.
במילים אחרות נשתמש בהגדרת התאוצה:
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בסוגריים מופיע ביחס לציר הנתון , מכיוון שכיוון ציר התנועה משפיע על סימן התאוצה. הגרף מתאר את המהירות ביחס לציר הנתון ,לכן התאוצה המתקבלת מחישוב השיפוע בגרף גם היא ביחס לציר הנתון.
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ברגע t=15s האופנוע משיג את המכונית.
המיקומים ההתחלתיים נתונים בשאלה, בעזרת הגרף ניתן למצוא את ההעתק של כל אחד משני כלי הרכב. בעזרת המיקומים ההתחלתיים וההעתקים ניתן למצוא את המיקום ברגע t=15s.
המיקום ההתחלתי של האופנוע הוא X0=30m . והמיקום ההתחלתי של המכונית הוא X0=0m.
בגרף מהירות בתלות בזמן השטח התחום בין הגרף לציר הזמן שווה להעתק הגוף.
נמצא את ההעתק של כל אחד מכלי הרכב בעזרת הגרף, נסמן את המכונית כגוף 1 , ואת האופנוע כגוף 2:
נחשב את ההעתק המכונית בהתאם לשטח התחום מתחת לגרף המתאר את תנועת המכונית :
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נחשב את ההעתק האופנוע בהתאם לשטח התחום מתחת לגרף המתאר את תנועת האופנוע :
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נמצא את המיקום של כל אחד משני כלי הרכב ברגע t=15s :
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ההעתק של האופנוע קטן מההעתק של המכונית, אך בגלל המיקומים ההתחלתיים
ברגע t=15s האופנוע משיג את המכונית .
השאלה עוסקת במיקום הגופים ולא בהעתק תנועתם, לכן חשוב להתייחס גם למיקומים ההתחלתיים.
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פעמיים.
זו שאלת היגיון. יש לבדוק את מיקומי כלי הרכב בזמנים חשובים: ברגע תחילת תנועתם. ברגע t=5s, וברגע t=15s.
ברגע תחילת התנועה האופנוע מוביל ב 30 מטרים.
בחמשת השניות הראשונות העתק המכונית הוא 125 מטר, והעתק האופנוע 25 מטרים בלבד.
בהתאם למיקומים ההתחלתיים ולהעתקי התנועות, ברגע t=5s המכונית מובילה על האופנוע.
מכיוון שהאופנוע מוביל ברגע t=0s והמכונית מובילה ברגע t=5s , ניתן לקבוע ששני כלי הרכב נפגשו בחמש השניות הראשונות.
מכיוון שהמכונית מובילה ברגע t=5s , והאופנוע מוביל ברגע t=15s , ניתן לקבוע ששני כלי הרכב נפגשו פעם נוספת בעשר השניות האחרונות.
בסה"כ מרגע t=0s ועד רגע t=15s נפגשו שני כלי הרכב פעמיים.
העתק המכונית ב 5 השניות הראשונות הוא 125 מטר. והעתק האופנוע הוא 25 מטר בלבד. ברגע t=5s האופנוע משיג את המכונית.
ברגע t=0s האופנוע מוביל, וברגע t=5s המכונית מובילה לכן בהכרח שהם נפגשו פעם אחת ב 5 השניות הראשונות.
ב 10 השניות האחרונות , מהירות המכונית קטנה ומהירות האופנוע , וכפי שמצאנו בסעיף קודם ברגע t=15s האופנוע שוב מוביל על המכונית.
לכן בהכרח ב 10 השניות האחרונות הם נפגשו פעם נוספת.
בסה"כ שני כלי הרכב נפגשו פעמיים במשך כל 15 השניות.
במשך 5 השניות הראשונות המכונית מתקדמת 125 מטר. (קל לראות זאת בשטח התחום בתנועת המכונית ב 5 השניות הראשונות) והאופנוע מתקדם 25 מטר.לכן במהלך 5 השניות הראשונות המכונית השיגה את האופנוע. כלי הרכב נפגשו פעם אחת בחמש השניות הראשונות.
לאחר 5 השניות הראשונות מהירות המכונית קטנה ומהירות האופנוע גדלה, ומצאנו שבתום התנועה האופנוע מוביל על המכונית, לכן הם נפגשו פעם נוספת ב 10 השניות האחרונות לתנועתם.
בסך הכל נפגשו כלי הרכב פעמיים בכל 15 השניות.
בשאלה כזו מומלץ לערוך הדמיה של תנועת כלי הרכב, אפשר להשתמש לשם כך במחק ומחדד או בכל שני עצמים זמינים. להזיז את העצמים ולתעד באופן מילולי את תנועתם, ולספור את מספר הפעמים שהם חולפים האחד על פני השני.
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המהירות הממוצעת של האופנוע יותר קטנה מהמהירות הממוצעת של המכונית.
זמני התנועה של האופנוע ושל המכונית הם זהים. ההעתקים שונים , מהגדרת המהירות הממוצעת לכל אחד משני כי הרכב יש מהירות ממוצעת שונה.
מצאנו כי עפ"י השטח התחום הגרף העתק המכונית הוא 250 מטר. והעתק האופנוע הוא 225 מטר.
זמני התנועה זהים , לכן מהגדרת המהירות הממוצעת :
לכן המהירות הממוצעת של האופנוע קטנה יותר.
זמני התנועה זהים , לכן מהגדרת המהירות הממוצעת :
לכן המהירות הממוצעת של האופנוע קטנה יותר.
המיקום הסופי של האופנוע יותר גדול מהמיקום הסופי של המכונית, אך המהירות הממוצעת של האופנוע יותר קטנה מהמהירות הממוצעת של המכונית. זה נובע מכך שהמיקום הסופי תלוי במיקום ההתחלתי , אך המהירות הממוצעת איננה תלויה במיקום ההתחלתי.
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ברגע t=8.33s
מהגרף ניתן לראות שלשני כלי הרכב יש מהירות זהה לאחר t=5s, כאשר המכונית נע בתאוצה שלילית. אפשר לכתוב פונקצית מהירות בתלות בזמן לאופנוע מרגע t=0s ופונקציית מהירות בתלות בזמן למכונית מרגע t=5s , ולהשוות בין שתי פונקציות אלו כדי למצוא את הרגע בו מהירות האופנוע שווה למהירות המכונית.
מהגרף ניתן לראות שמהירות שני כלי הרכב שווה כאשר המכונית נעה בתאוצה שלילית.
מכיוון שהתאוצות קבועות, נשתמש בפונקציית המהירות בתלות בזמן לתיאור מהירות כל אחד מכלי הרכב בתנועות אלו.
נתייחס לאופנוע כגוף מספר 1,נכתוב את פונקציית
המתאימה לתיאור תנועת האופנוע:
נתייחס למכונית כגוף מספר 2,נכתוב פונקציית
המתאימה לתיאור תנועת המכונית:
נכתוב משוואת זמנים המקשרת בין t1 ל t2. ברגע המפגש זמן האצת המכונית קטן ב 5 שניות מזמן האצת האופנוע, לכן:
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ברגע בו מהירויות כלי הרכב שוות מתקיים: V1 =V2. נשווה בין פונקציות המהירות:
נפתור את מערכת המשואות .ונמצא את t1 ו- t2:
נציב את t2 ,ונמצא את t1.
לכן מהירויות כלי הרכב זהות כעבור 8.33 שניות מרגע תחילת תנועת האופנוע.
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נציב את t2 ,ונמצא את t1.
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לכן מהירויות כלי הרכב זהות כעבור 8.33 שניות מרגע תחילת תנועת האופנוע.
1. אפשר להתייחס לשאלה זו כאל שאלה בפונקציות במתמטיקה , נתונות שתי פונקציות יש למצוא את נקודת החיתוך של הפונקציות.
2. לא ניתן לתאר את שתי תנועות המכונית בפונקציה אחת, ההשוואה היא בין פונקציית מהירות זמן של האופנוע לפונקציית מהירות זמן של המכונית, ההתייחסות למכונית היא כאל תנועה שהתחילה 5 שניות לאחר תחילת תנועת האופנוע.
2. לא ניתן לתאר את שתי תנועות המכונית בפונקציה אחת, ההשוואה היא בין פונקציית מהירות זמן של האופנוע לפונקציית מהירות זמן של המכונית, ההתייחסות למכונית היא כאל תנועה שהתחילה 5 שניות לאחר תחילת תנועת האופנוע.
2. המכונית נעה בשתי תנועות שונות, ולא ניתן לתאר את שתי התנועות בפונקציה אחת. לכן בתיאור תנועת המכונית , יש לכתוב את פונקציית המהירות בתלות בזמן לתנועה השנייה, בה מהירות המכונית שווה למהירות האופנוע (תנועה שהתחילה 5 שניות לאחר תחילת תנועת האופנוע), והמהירות ההתחלתית בתנועה זו היא המהירות הסופית של התנועה הראשונה.
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